Purpose The purpose of this paper is to engage with the debate on social exclusion in the esociety from the human development perspective, which goes beyond inequality in distribution of technological goods and services to emphasise the options, choice and opportunities related to accessing and using information. Designmethodologyapproach This is an interpretivist study. It draws on Sen's capability approach CA to conceptualise social exclusion in the esociety as capability deprivation, both in wellbeing and agency freedom. A framework of the core aspects of the CA is used to analyse two empirical studies in South Africa and China which serve to illustrate social exclusion manifested as capability deprivation in different spaces. Findings The paper demonstrates the relational features of social exclusion and different types of capability deprivation in esociety highlights unfavourable inclusion which can be masked by technological diffusion. Research limitationsimplications This paper is an early attempt to apply the capability approach to social studies of information communication technologies in developing countries. Practical implications The paper provides implications for government policies to go beyond technological provision and pay attention to sociopolitical, cultural and institutional aspects in ensuring effective utilisation of information and channels of communication, which should serve to enhance people's opportunity to better participate in economic, social and political activities. Originalityvalue The paper is a novel attempt to apply concepts of the CA in information systems, which provides a conceptual lens to address the complexity and multiplicity of social exclusion in the esociety.

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